• Articulation Disorders - errors (e.g., distortions and substitutions) in production of individual speech sounds

• Phonological Disorders - predictable, rule-based errors (e.g., fronting, final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound

• Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) - a motor speech disorder involving problems with planning and coordinating speech movements

Stuttering is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by specific types of disfluencies, including:

• Repetitions of sounds, syllables, and 1-syllable words (e.g. “I want the b-b-ball.”)

• Prolongations of consonants (e.g., “Ssssssssssometimes we …”)

• Blocks (i.e., inaudible or silent fixation or inability to initiate sounds)

• Receptive Language Disorders - occur when a child has difficulty understanding what others say.

• Expressive Language Disorders - occur when a child has problems sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings.

Social Communication Disorder is characterized by difficulties with the use of verbal and nonverbal language for social purposes.

Specific deficits include the individual’s ability to:

• communicate for social purposes

• change communication to match the context

• follow rules for conversation and storytelling

• understand nonliterate or ambiguous language

• understand what is not explicitly stated